![]() Here, we demonstrate that patterns of aperture domains in Arabidopsis are controlled by the members of the ancient ELMOD protein family, which, although important in animals, has not been studied in plants. ![]() However, how these aperture domains are selected is unknown. During pollen development, certain plasma membrane domains attract specific proteins and lipids and become protected from exine deposition, developing into apertures. In each species, aperture number, position, and morphology are typically fixed across species they vary widely. Pollen apertures, the characteristic gaps in pollen wall exine, have emerged as a model for studying the formation of distinct plasma membrane domains. Thus, we believe that ELMOD1 and ELMOD3 perform multiple functions in cells, most prominently linked to ciliary biology and Golgi-ciliary traffic, and likely acting from more than one cellular location. These phenotypes are reversed upon expression of activating mutants of either AR元 or ARL16, linking their roles to ELMOD1/3 actions. Deletion of either Elmod1 or Elmod3 results in the decreased ability of cells to form primary cilia, loss of a subset of proteins from cilia, and accumulation of some ciliary proteins at the Golgi, predicted to result from compromised traffic from the Golgi to cilia. We found strong similarities in phenotypes resulting from deletion of either Elmod1 or Elmod3 and marked differences from those arising in Elmod2 deletion lines. Here, using similar strategies with the paralogs ELMOD1 and ELMOD3, we identify novel functions and locations of these cell regulators and compare them to those of ELMOD2, allowing determination of functional redundancy among the family members. We described functions of ELMOD2 in immortalized mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) in the regulation of cell division, microtubules, ciliogenesis, and mitochondrial fusion. ELMODs are ubiquitously expressed in mammalian tissues, highly conserved across eukaryotes, and ancient in origin, being present in the last eukaryotic common ancestor. $35 - $150! OUCH! That is not normally a problem, but I struggle with spending on classes vs.ELMODs are a family of three mammalian paralogs that display GTPase activating protein (GAP) activity towards a uniquely broad array of ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) family GTPases that includes ARF-like (ARL) proteins. I spent all afternoon Sunday blog hopping and finding folks whose work I love and finding classes they teach. I am very self critical and this style frees you from that. it lets a "non-drawing" artist like me, not be perfect, which is one of my hangups. BUT, from what I can see, the whole "art journal/collage, word art" kind of art doesn't require the talent I lack. Unfortunately, I only have limited natural abilities. If you have been around for long you have probably noticed that I LOVE LEARNING! Well.suddenly this past week I decided I want to create art. It is 2:55 AM here right now and I have GOT to get to bed! But, before I go I wanted to share something I just found.įirst.
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